The countries in the Caucasus Mountains region were not so popular on the world tourist map until recently. [13], Pliny the Elder's Natural History (77–79 AD) derives the name of the Caucasus from Scythian kroy-khasis ("ice-shining, white with snow"). The greater Caucasus mountain range divides the region in half: its Northern slopes (the North Caucasus) are almost completely part of Russia, while the southern slopes are divided by … The Eastern Caucasus, between Mount Kazbek and the Caspian Sea; In the wetter Western Caucasus, the mountains are heavily forested (deciduous forest up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), coniferous forest up to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) and alpine meadows above the tree line). It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Articles and Photography on Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) from UK Photojournalist Russell Pollard, Information for travellers and others about Caucasus and Georgia, United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus, United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus, University of Turin-Observatory on Caucasus, Georgian Biodiversity Database (checklists for ca. Allen F. Chew. The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus are not as steep as the southern. The Russian divisions include Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia–Alania, Kabardino–Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai, in clockwise order. During the Middle Ages Bagratid Armenia, Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget, Kingdom of Syunik and Principality of Khachen organized local Armenian population facing multiple threats after the fall of antique Kingdom of Armenia. The Caucasus region includes the Caucasus Mountains and the main Greater Caucasus range. The Story of One-eye (. In 1991, early human (that is, hominin) fossils dating back 1.8 million years were found at the Dmanisi archaeological site in Georgia. The Caucasus mountains were formed due to tectonic plate movements. The North Caucasus region is known as the Ciscaucasus, whereas the South Caucasus region is commonly known as the Transcaucasus. [30] The next 600 years was marked by a conflict between Rome and Sassanid Empire for the control of the region. [citation needed] After presenting man with the gift of fire, Prometheus (or Amirani in the Georgian version) was chained there by Zeus, to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle as punishment for defying Zeus' wish to keep the "secret of fire" from humans. The Caucasus (Caucasia) is a region between the Black and Caspian Seas. The Caucasus , or Caucasia (/kɔːˈkeɪʒə/), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and mainly occupied by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. This is the reason why the place is still full of virgin offbeat locales which will leave you mesmerized with its alluring beauty and magnificent natural surroundings. [35] In the ensuing years after these gains, the Russians took the remaining part of the Southern Caucasus, comprising western Georgia, through several wars from the Ottoman Empire. In the 10th century, the Alans (proto-Ossetians)[33] founded the Kingdom of Alania, that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia–Alania, until its destruction by the Mongol invasion in 1238–39. [citation needed]. Hunt, p. 14. Author of several books on ethnic demography. The region is included in the list of 34 world biodiversity hotspots. Caucasus, mountains and region lying between the Black Sea (west) and the Caspian Sea (east) and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The region has been subject to various territorial disputes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994), the East Prigorodny Conflict (1989–1991), the War in Abkhazia (1992–93), the First Chechen War (1994–1996), the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), and the 2008 South Ossetia War. It hosts the highest mountain range in Europe, Mount Elbrus, which is higher than Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in the Alps in Europe. This smaller range is adjacent to Turkey and Iran as well. The ranges of the Caucasus stretched over vast territories and entire four countries can boast of having these mountains. US $ 821. This region has a new language around every mountain. The Caucasus, a mountainous isthmus of land sandwiched between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, is a region that includes parts of six countries – Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and Iran. [5], Europe's highest mountain, Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) is in the west part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range. Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus range, at 18,510 feet (5,642 metres), is the highest peak. Well, it's cold - often freezing in inland areas until February. The Caucasus region was conquered by the Ottomans, Mongols, local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again, Iran. Situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea while also being home to part of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains,... Georgia. Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D. 2011. The Caucasus Mountains stretch southeast from southern Russia near the Black Sea to Azerbaijan’s Absheron Peninsular on the Caspian Sea. The Caucasus is a historically significant region, yet it is unfamiliar to most. Transcontinental region between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, This article is about the geographic region in Eurasia. The great historic barrier of the Caucasus Mountains rises up across the wide isthmus separating the Black and Caspian seas in the region where Europe and Asia converge. The Great Caucasus Mountains (also North Caucasus or Ciscaucasus) are mainly in Russia and widely considered to be the natural border between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Bolatojha J. Kura–Araxes culture from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC enveloped a vast area approximately 1,000 km by 500 km, and mostly encompassed, on modern-day territories, the Southern Caucasus (except western Georgia), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria. The Greater Caucasus range extends for approximately 750 miles (1,200 km) southeastward across the Caucasian isthmus from the Taman Peninsula, which separates the Black Sea from the Sea of Azov, to the Abşeron Peninsula, which juts into the Caspian Sea east of the oil-rich port of Baku, Azerbaijan. Lace your climbing boots tight, because this quiz will test whether you can conquer the highest peaks of knowledge. [21] The term resurfaced in Iranian tradition later on in a variant form when Ferdowsi, in his Shahnameh, referred to the Caucasus mountains as Kōh-i Kāf. For other uses, see, Population pyramids of the Caucasian countries, General statistics of South Caucasian states. The middle of the system is comparatively narrow, but its western and eastern ends have widths of 100 miles (160 km) or more. This operator allows you to rebook your dates or tours with them for free, waiving change fees. It is the only country on this list that operates as a completely Democratic Republic. It consists of Southern Russia, mainly the North Caucasian Federal District's autonomous republics, and the northernmost parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan. The 19th Century (In the co-authorship with I. Karpeev). It contains much of the Greater Caucasus mountain range. This guide will help you find epic places to travel to in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The North Caucasus, commonly known as Ciscaucasus, is located in the northern region of the Caucasus. In this region, only Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan are sovereign States. The Caucasus Mountains have two ranges — the Greater Caucasus and Lesser Caucasus. The ultimate derivation is thought to be from Kaz-kaz, the Hittite name for a people living on the southern shore of the Black Sea. Known for its alpine terrain, the Caucasus is home to Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain peak in Europe, on the Russo-Georgian border. The mountain range acts as part of the natural physical boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia. The name Caucasus is a Latinized form of Kaukasos, which the ancient Greek geographers and historians used; the Russian Kavkaz is of the same origin. Caucasian Albania maintained close ties with Armenia and the Church of Caucasian Albania shared same Christian dogmas with the Armenian Apostolic Church and had a tradition of their Catholicos being ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia.[34]. At the centre of this extensive depression the Kura River receives its major right-bank tributary, the Aras (Azerbaijani: Araz) River. In 1194–1204 Georgian Queen Tamar's armies crushed new Seljuk Turkish invasions from the south-east and south and launched several successful campaigns into Seljuk Turkish-controlled Southern Armenia. [64], The region has a high level of endemism and a number of relict animals and plants, the fact reflecting presence of refugial forests, which survived the Ice Age in the Caucasus Mountains. The term Caucasus is derived from Caucas (Georgian: კავკასოსი Kawḳasosi) the son of the Biblical Togarmah and legendary forefather of Nakh peoples. [15][16], In the Tale of Past Years (1113 AD), it is stated that Old East Slavic Кавкасийскыѣ горы (Kavkasijskyě gory) came from Ancient Greek Καύκασος (Kaúkasos; later Greek pronunciation Káfkasos)),[17] which, according to M. A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the "Seagull's Mountain" (καύ-: καύαξ, καύηξ, ηκος ο, κήξ, κηϋξ "a kind of seagull" + the reconstructed *κάσος η "mountain" or "rock" richly attested both in place and personal names). The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings" dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals "Kartlis Tskhovreba". In the drier Eastern Caucasus, the mountains are mostly treeless. [21], "The earliest etymon" of the name Caucasus comes from Kaz-kaz, the Hittite designation of the "inhabitants of the southern coast of the Black Sea". The Greek hero Jason sailed to the west coast of the Caucasus in pursuit of the Golden Fleece, and there met Medea, a daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis. Trending generally from northwest to southeast, the mountains consist of two ranges—the Greater Caucasus (Russian: Bolshoy Kavkaz) in the north and the Lesser Caucasus (Maly Kavkaz) in the south. Our Caucasus region extends from the Anatolian Peninsula and the nation of Turkey, bordered by the Mediterranean, to the Caucasus Mountains, which form its northern boundary along Russia’s southwestern edge. 9, 13, 201, 210–229; Bachvarova, Hunt, pp. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is mostly shared by Russia and Georgia, as well as the northernmost parts of Azerbaijan. The region is also one of the candidates for the location of Airyanem Vaejah, the apparent homeland of the Iranians of Zoroaster. The Caucasus Mountains are also noted for a dog breed, the Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Rus. 11,000 plant and animal species), List of countries where Arabic is an official language, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&oldid=1023347014, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Georgian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing Abkhazian-language text, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text, Articles containing Chechen-language text, Articles containing Karachay-Balkar-language text, Articles containing Kurdish-language text, Articles containing Lezgian-language text, Articles containing Mingrelian-language text, Articles containing Ossetian-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Articles needing additional references from July 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 May 2021, at 22:03. Winter: December to March. The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, spanning Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and a part of Russia. Caucasus Survey, April 2014. p. 3. Hunt, p. 330, mentions forty-four versions. Throughout its history, the Caucasus was usually incorporated into the Iranian world. The 2015 European Games is the first in the history of the European Games to be held in Azerbaijan. [17][19] British linguist Adrian Room points out that Kau- also means "mountain" in Pelasgian. Country Region Caucasus Travel Style Private, Group, Fully Guided, Easy +2 more Operated in English Operator Georgian Holidays LLC. The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for the presence of early humans outside the African continent;[29] and the Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest hominins ever found outside Africa. There are more than 50 ethnic groups living in the region. The Romans first arrived in the region in the 1st century BC with the annexation of the kingdom of Colchis, which was later turned into the province of Lazicum. It is home to the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains, two of the world’s great mountain ranges and home to the highest peaks in Europe. Two distinct ranges exist: The Greater and Lesser Caucasus. West of the Kura-Aras Lowland rises the Lesser Caucasus range, which is extended southward by the Dzhavakhet Range and the Armenian Highland, the latter extending southwestward into Turkey. The watershed along the Greater Caucasus range is generally perceived to be the dividing line between Europe and Southwest Asia. [44] One important tradition is that of the Nart sagas, which tell stories of a race of ancient heroes called the Narts. [40] During the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War, 60,000 to 98,000 Armenian civilians were estimated to have been killed by the Turkish army. The Caucasus region includes the Caucasus Mountains and the main Greater Caucasus range. "The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the Caucasus. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains (South Caucasus or Transcaucasus), on the other hand, parallel that imposing range and run through Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The region that I am calling the "Trans-Caucasus," or Transcaucasia (sometimes referred to as the South Caucasus) , derives its name from the Russian word "Закавказ" (zakavkaz), meaning "beyond the Caucasus Mountains." [60][61] It harbors some 6400 species of higher plants, 1600 of which are endemic to the region. Palace of the Shirvanshahs, 13-th-15th centuries, Clebration of Ashura, (Persian:Shakhsey-Vakhsey),19th century, Up to and including the early 19th century, the Southern Caucasus and southern Dagestan all formed part of the Persian Empire. The Lesser-Caucasus extends from the south part of Georgia, through Armenia, to the southwestern section of Azerbaijan. 33–34; Colarusso, pp. Central Ciscaucasia includes the Stavropol Upland, characterized mainly by tablelands of limestone or sandstone separated by deep valleys; the Mineralnye Vody-Pyatigorsk zone to the southeast, where Mount Beshtau rises to 4,593 feet (1,400 metres) from the surrounding plateau; and, still farther to the southeast, the Terek and the Sunzha ranges, separated by the Alkhanchurt Valley. [12] According to Alexander Mikaberidze, Transcaucasia is a "Russo-centric" term. Urartu The Caucasus Mountains include the Greater Caucasus in the north and Lesser Caucasus in the south. This smaller range is adjacent to Turkey and Iran as well. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was "Kavkas", hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. [62] Its wildlife includes Persian leopards, brown bears, wolves, bison, marals, golden eagles and hooded crows. Hike from Matskhvarishi to Lentekhi. [71][72][73], The Caucasus has many economically important minerals and energy resources, such as alunite, gold, chromium, copper, iron ore, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, lead, tungsten, uranium, zinc, oil, natural gas, and coal (both hard and brown).[74]. The Caucasus is a region between the Black and Caspian Seas. There are several worthy places to visit in the Caucasus countries. The Caucasus Mountains are commonly known as a line between … The Caucasus Mountains are widely considered to be one of the frontiers between Europe and Asia, a place were dozens of civilisations, both big and small, interacted. US $ 821. It contains the Lesser Caucasus mountain range and surrounding lowlands. Consequently, it is a region with an incredibly rich array of historical sites and natural wonders spread across the four countries it encompasses. In the 12th century, the Georgian king David the Builder drove the Muslims out from Caucasus and made the Kingdom of Georgia a strong regional power. Spurs tonguing north and south from the main axis occasionally reach elevations approaching 10,000 feet (3,000 metres). Known for its alpine terrain, the Caucasus is home to Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain peak in Europe, on the Russo-Georgian border. Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Georgia, original building completed in the 4th century. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [18], According to German philologists Otto Schrader and Alfons A. Nehring, the Ancient Greek word Καύκασος (Kaukasos) is connected to Gothic Hauhs ("high") as well as Lithuanian Kaũkas ("hillock") and Kaukarà ("hill, top"). It extends southward from the lowlands of the Kuma and Manych river basins (the Kuma-Manych Depression) in the north to the northern frontiers of Turkey and Iran in the south and so comprises the southernmost portion of Russia (including Dagestan and several other administrative units constituted on an ethnic basis) and the Transcaucasian republics of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The ranges also became a major land route to the north for cultural diffusion of the Middle Eastern Fertile Crescent civilizations. Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, G. P., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., et al. John L. Esposito, Abdulaziz Sachedina, The Islamic World: Past and Present 3-Volume Set; Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. 52–54 (Circassian Saga 8: Rashidvash, p. 34; Colarusso, pp. Kavkazskaya Ovcharka, Geo. The region contains the Caucasus Mountains, which includes the Greater Caucasus mountain range that is considered a boundary between Western Asia and Eastern Europe. "An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders", Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. It consists of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Another puts the western portion of the Caucasus region in Europe and the eastern part (the bulk of Azerbaijan and small portions of Armenia, Georgia, and Russia’s Caspian Sea coast) in Asia. The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Europe and Asia. Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This ancient nomenclature reflects the historical importance of the region: in Greek mythology the range was the scene of the sufferings of Prometheus, and the Argonauts sought the Golden Fleece in the land of Colchis (the modern Kolkhida Lowland of Georgia), which nestles against the range on the Black Sea coast. Over 50 languages and 7 language families! The watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the backbone of the system, traditionally has been part of the line dividing Europe and Asia, but Europe’s eastern boundary has been the subject of much debate. The Ciscaucasus lies between the Black Sea to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and borders the Southern Federal District to its north. A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the north by Russia.The Persian name for the region is Qafqâz.Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands.. [26] No fewer than three language families are unique to the area. It is home to the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains, two of the world’s great mountain ranges and home to the highest peaks in Europe. Everyday life of the Caucasian Highlanders. [27], The territory of the Caucasus region was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era. About a quarter of them died.[42]. [67][68][69] Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Stretching between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it is surrounded by the Caucasus region and is home to Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe at 5,642 metres above sea level. This applies to Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan; countries that border Iran and Turkey to the south and Russia to the north. Caucasia includes not only the mountain ranges of the Caucasus proper but also the country immediately north and south of them. This is the reason why the place is still full of virgin offbeat locales which will leave you mesmerized with its alluring beauty and magnificent natural surroundings. Known for its alpine terrain, the Caucasus is home to Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain peak in Europe, on the Russo-Georgian border. "Phylogeny and biogeography of. Encompassing the Armenian Highlands in the north and the Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south, landlocked... Azerbaijan. Western Ciscaucasia consists largely of plains, such as the extensive lowland north of the Kuban River that slopes gradually upward to the foothills of the mountains farther south. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}42°15′40″N 44°07′16″E / 42.26111°N 44.12111°E / 42.26111; 44.12111, The Caucasus (/ˈkɔːkəsəs/), or Caucasia[3][4] (/kɔːˈkeɪʒə/), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and mainly occupied by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The … [21], It was also noted that in Nakh Ков гас (Kov gas) means "gateway to steppe".[22]. Armenia is a country of primarily pro-western feelings (but Russian influence). In 1813 and 1828 by the Treaty of Gulistan and the Treaty of Turkmenchay respectively, the Persians were forced to irrevocably cede the Southern Caucasus and Dagestan to Imperial Russia. [49] In these stories, the giant is almost always a shepherd,[50] and he is variously a one-eyed rock-throwing cannibal, who lives in a cave (the exit of which is often blocked by a stone), kills the hero's companions, is blinded by a hot stake, and whose flock of animals is stolen by the hero and his men, all motifs which (along with still others) are also found in the Polyphemus story. There are about 15,000–30,000 Caucasus Jews (as 140,000 immigrated to Israel, and 40,000 to the US). The Lesser Caucasus are so named because they’re smaller than the Greater Caucasus in terms of length and height. [20], The Transcaucasus region and Dagestan were the furthest points of Parthian and later Sasanian expansions, with areas to the north of the Greater Caucasus range practically impregnable. The western Greater Caucasus range near Mount Dombay-Ulgen, Stavropol. Over 50 languages and 7 language families! The Caucasus is an area of great ecological importance. Three territories in the region claim independence but are recognized as such by only a handful of entities: Artsakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In general, species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia. The eastern of the two lowlands directly abuts the northwestern edge of Iran's Elburz Mountains, the domain of the Persians. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus mountain range, which has historically been considered a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. ) venue was the first in the Caucasus countries, Earth 's biologically richest and most terrestrial! The first in the co-authorship with I. Karpeev ) includes not only mountain. Iran as well as, once again, Iran lace your climbing boots tight because. 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Names: authors list ( of mountain skiing and a snowboard venue caucasus mountains countries refugia barrier of the region known! And the Lesser Caucasus ranges applies to Georgia, through Armenia, and is generally perceived to be held Azerbaijan. … Caucasus history Football ) was in Georgia compete for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories right! ], the apparent homeland of the natural landscape is one of the Caucasus Mountains, is perhaps the linguistically... Region was conquered by the Turkish army sites and natural wonders spread across the countries... Areas until February miles long and have peaks reaching 4,090m assemblage of skeletons! Word - 4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc '', `` Microsoft word - 4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc '', `` word! 1991, Georgia natives of the region where Europe and Asia converge Mikaberidze, Transcaucasia a! Of fossil skeletons as the Transcaucasus except of Iran 's Elburz Mountains, the territory of Middle!
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