[164], Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party, from its first steps, had used the methods of the Turkish state as a standard to draw inspiration from. "[124] The Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified by the Turkish government and ultimately was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne. [148][149][150], The Republic of Cyprus has also officially called the events "Greek Genocide in Pontus of Asia Minor". A "logical" belief that because the genocide was committed with impunity, so denial will also meet with neither opposition nor obloquy. In 2007, the International Association of Genocide Scholars passed a resolution recognising the Ottoman campaign against its Christian minorities, including the Greeks, as genocide. "[140], Some historians, including Boris Barth [de], Michael Schwartz [de], and Andrekos Varnava argue that the persecution of Greeks was ethnic cleansing or deportation, but not genocide. Among the victims of the atrocities committed by the Turkish nationalist Army (1922–23) were hundreds of Christian clergy in Anatolia, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJones2010 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJones2010 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRummel1998 (. "With this resolution the Greek Parliament, which in fact has to apologize to the Turkish people for the large-scale destruction and massacres Greece perpetrated in Anatolia, not only sustains the traditional Greek policy of distorting history, but it also displays that the expansionist Greek mentality is still alive," the statement added. As an eye-witness, he also praises Greeks for their "conduct ... toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on", which, according to his opinion, was "one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country’s history". [123], Article 142 of the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, prepared after the first World War, called the Turkish regime "terrorist" and contained provisions "to repair so far as possible the wrongs inflicted on individuals in the course of the massacres perpetrated in Turkey during the war. [147], In the late 2000s the Communist Party of Greece adopted the term "Genocide of the Pontic (Greeks)" (Γενοκτονία Ποντίων) in its official newspaper Rizospastis and participates in memorial events. 207: "The vast discussion of the Turkish role model and the New Turkey in the Third Reich media and publications means that the Third Reich had, at least implicitly, continually highlighted the “benefits” of “ethnic cleansing” and genocide. [127] Some of the survivors and expelled took refuge in the neighboring Russian Empire (later, Soviet Union). Greek villages evacuated during the war due to military concerns were then resettled with Muslim immigrants and refugees. (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician serving as the current President of Turkey.He previously served as Prime Minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014 and as Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998. The poor in the center of powerful confrontations. [126] It is impossible to know exactly how many Greek inhabitants of Turkey died between 1914 and 1923, and how many ethnic Greeks of Anatolia were expelled to Greece or fled to the Soviet Union. [69] Arbitrary violence and extortion of money intensified later, providing ammunition for the Venizelists arguing that Greece should join the Entente. This is supposedly done in order to much easier be able to confiscate the property of the deported. "We condemn and protest this resolution" a Turkish Foreign Ministry statement said. [120] Merrill D. Peterson cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus. On January 1, 1921, it featured the headline “Heroic Turkey.”21 Barely a month later the paper featured an article with the headline “Turkey— The Role Model” (or “The Pioneer,” Der Vorkämpfer). Turkish denialism of the genocide of 1.5 million Armenians is official, riven, driven, constant, rampant, and increasing each year since the events of 1915 to 1922. According to the Greek census of 1928, 1,104,216 Ottoman Greeks had reached Greece. By late 1922, most of the Greeks of Asia Minor had either fled or had been killed. But if lakhs of people are getting infected, and suffering to the tune of thousands of deaths, the medical profession[Read More…], South Asian People’s Action on Climate Crisis, SAPACC Request PMs of India, Bangladesh And Bhutan To Declare A Planetary Climate Crisis, Gaza in the dark after Israel bombs power lines, Israel thanks Biden administration for blocking UN statement calling for ceasefire, Sheikh Jarrah: History shows that empires have colluded to legalise ‘settler colonialism’ in Palestinian territories, We can defeat the corporate media’s war to snuff out independent journalism, Why reduce speed limit to 30 km/h? All things colourful make up the Bangla New Year—boisterous celebrations of nature, art work, music, food, the quintessential Bengali warmth, and the Mongol Shobhajatra as its crowning jewel. [59], Following similar accords made with Bulgaria and Serbia, the Ottoman Empire signed a small voluntary population exchange agreement with Greece on 14 November 1913. The Greek presence in Asia Minor dates at least from the Late Bronze Age (1450 BC). [97] There were also massacres of Turks carried out by the Hellenic troops during the occupation of western Anatolia from May 1919 to September 1922. "[71] According to George W. Rendel of the British Foreign Office, by 1918 "over 500,000 Greeks were deported of whom comparatively few survived". A chronic fear that admission will lead to massive claims for reparation and restitution. [83], According to Rendel, atrocities such as deportations involving death marches, starvation in labour camps etc. Greek civilians mourn their dead relatives. [41] Even after the Turkic conquests of the interior, the mountainous Black Sea coast of Asia Minor remained the heart of a populous Greek Christian state, the Empire of Trebizond, until its eventual conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1461, one year after the fall to the Ottomans of the European region now called Greece. ", Ihrig, 2014, σελ. He said that for the Greek left 19 May is a "day of amnesia". [citation needed] Similar plans for a population exchange had been negotiated earlier, in 1913–1914, between Ottoman and Greek officials during the first stage of the Greek genocide but had been interrupted by the onset of World War I. [8][128], In December 1924, The New York Times reported that 400 tonnes of human bones consigned to manufacturers were transported from Mudania to Marseille, which might be the remains of massacred victims in Asia Minor. [94] Rudolph Rummel estimated the death toll of the fire at 100,000[95] Greeks and Armenians, who perished in the fire and accompanying massacres. Nikolaos Hlamides, "The Greek Relief Committee: America's Response to the Greek Genocide". A cultural and social ethos of honour, a compelling and compulsive need to remove any blots on the national escutcheon. [42][43][44] From this point until the late Middle Ages all of the indigenous inhabitants of Asia Minor practiced Christianity (called Greek Orthodox Christianity after the East–West Schism with the Catholics in 1054) and spoke Greek as their first language. The organisation disbanded in the summer of 1921 but Greek relief work was continued by other aid organisations. [3] It was instigated by the government of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish national movement against the indigenous Greek population of the Empire and included massacres, forced conversion to Islam,[4] forced deportations involving death marches[where? Just how many were scattered in this fashion is not definitely known, the estimates varying anywhere from 200,000 up to 1,000,000. ‘In Tinkari, I have tried to portray social anomalies, plight of the marginalised, human emotions and contemporary world politics.. [51] Also, after 1913 there were organized boycotts against the Greeks, initiated by the Ottoman Interior Ministry who asked the empire's provinces to start them. Myanmar (UK pronunciations incl. It defines genocide in legal terms. [70], In July 1915 the Greek chargé d'affaires claimed that the deportations "can not be any other issue than an annihilation war against the Greek nation in Turkey and as measures hereof they have been implementing forced conversions to Islam, in obvious aim to, that if after the end of the war there again would be a question of European intervention for the protection of the Christians, there will be as few of them left as possible. [84], Pontic Greeks responded by forming insurgent groups, which carried weapons salvaged from the battlefields of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I or directly supplied by the Russian army. Hitler had declared that he considered himself a "student" of Kemal, whom he referred to as his "star in the darkness", while the latter's contribution to the formation of National Socialist ideology is intensely apparent in Nazi literature. [77] As such in March 1917 the population of Ayvalik, a town of c. 30,000 inhabitants on the Aegean coast was forcibly deported to the interior of Anatolia under order by German General Liman von Sanders. [72] In his memoirs, the United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire between 1913 and 1916 wrote "Everywhere the Greeks were gathered in groups and, under the so-called protection of Turkish gendarmes, they were transported, the larger part on foot, into the interior. [105], US Consul-General George Horton, whose account has been criticised by scholars as anti-Turkish,[106][107][108] claimed, "One of the cleverest statements circulated by the Turkish propagandists is to the effect that the massacred Christians were as bad as their executioners, that it was '50–50'." 342–3, sfn error: no target: CITEREFFotiadis2004As_summarized_by_Theophanis_Malkidis_in_his_presentation_of_the_14th_volume_of_Fodiadis'_work_on_the_Greek_Genocide. Razib Dutta is … The president of the left-ecologist Synaspismos party Nikos Konstantopoulos and historian Angelos Elefantis,[145] known for his books on the history of Greek communism, were two of the major figures of the political left who expressed their opposition to the decree. The Greek Caucasus Division was thus formed out of ethnic Greeks serving in Russian units stationed in the Caucasus and raw recruits from among the local population including former insurgents. [34][35][page needed]. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan{{efn| UK: / ˈ ɛər d ə w æ n / AIR-də-wan, US: /-w ɑː n /-wahn; Turkish: [ɾeˈdʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdoan] (); Sometimes referred by his initials RTE. On this issue he comments: "Had the Greeks, after the massacres in the Pontus and at Smyrna, massacred all the Turks in Greece, the record would have been 50–50—almost." Because of cultural and political ties of the Ottoman Greeks with European powers, Midlarsky argues, genocide was "not a viable option for the Ottomans in their case. ", A Nazi publication of 1925 exalts the new Turkish state for its "cleansing" policy, which "threw the Greek element to the sea". [7] Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring Russian Empire. [64] This policy of persecution and ethnic cleansing was expanded to other parts of the Ottoman Empire, including Greek communities in Pontus, Cappadocia, and Cilicia. In both cases, certain Ottoman officials, such as Şükrü Kaya, Nazım Bey and Mehmed Reshid, played a role; Special Organization units and labour battalions were involved; and a dual plan was implemented combining unofficial violence and the cover of state population policy. Democracies, it is said, don't commit genocide; ergo, Turkey couldn't and didn't do so. [137] Several scholars researching the Armenian genocide, such as Peter Balakian, Taner Akçam, Richard Hovannisian and Robert Melson, however stated that "the issue had to be further researched before a resolution was passed. On 14 January 1917 Cossva Anckarsvärd, Sweden's Ambassador to Constantinople, sent a dispatch regarding the decision to deport the Ottoman Greeks: What above all appears as an unnecessary cruelty is that the deportation is not limited to the men alone, but is extended likewise to women and children. According to a German military attaché, the Ottoman minister of war Ismail Enver had declared in October 1915 that he wanted to "solve the Greek problem during the war … in the same way he believe[d] he solved the Armenian problem", referring to the Armenian genocide. [114][115] Historian Constantine G Hatzidimitriou writes that "loss of life among Anatolian Greeks during the WWI period and its aftermath was approximately 735,370". Massacres and Inter- Ethnic Conflict in a Failing State", The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Australian Press Coverage of the Armenian Genocide 1915–1923, "George Horton: An American Witness in Smyrna", "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources", "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law", "International Genocide Scholars Association officially recognises Assyrian, Greek Genocides", "International Genocide Scholars Association officially recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides", "Book Review: Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009", "Athens and Ankara at odds over genocide", Pontic Genocide, Responsible is the imperialistic opportunism, 20 May 2009, Day in Memory of the Pontic Greeks Genocide. [121] According to George K. Valavanis, "The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the Great War (World War I) until March 1924, can be estimated at 353,000, as a result of murders, hangings, and from punishment, disease, and other hardships. [76] However, the execution of government decrees, which took a systematic form from December 1916, when Behaeddin Shakir came to the region, was not conducted as ordered: men were taken in labour battalions, women and children were attacked, villages were looted by Muslim neighbours. That treaty was accompanied by a "Declaration of Amnesty", without containing any provision in respect to punishment of war crimes. [151], On 11 March 2010, Sweden's Riksdag passed a motion recognising "as an act of genocide the killing of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks in 1915". By 31 January 1917, the Chancellor of Germany Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg reported that: The indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. 183–184: "The minority problem in Anatolia was solved in a very simple fashion... "Only through the annihilation of the Greek and the Armenian tribes in Anatolia was the creation of a Turkish national state and the formation of an unflawed Turkish body of society within one state possible.". Relocation was targeted at specific regions that were considered militarily vulnerable, not the whole of the Greek population. [81] According to cables sent to the provinces during this time, abandoned movable and non-movable Greek property was not to be liquidated, as that of the Armenians, but "preserved".[82]. 20 May 2010, "Motion 2008/09:U332 Genocide of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontiac Greeks in 1915", "Fred Nile: Genocide motion not against modern State of Turkey", "Adoption of declaration to certify Armenia recognizes Greek and Assyrian genocides: Eduard Sharmanazov", Fotiadis, 2004 & As summarized by Theophanis Malkidis in his presentation of the 14th volume of Fodiadis' work on the Greek Genocide. "[136] Drafted by Canadian scholar Adam Jones, the resolution was adopted on 1 December 2007 with the support of 83% of all voting IAGS members. In 2002, the CO2 level in the atmosphere was 370 ppm. [101][102] Australian press also had some coverage of the events. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger, and illness. [66] After November 1914 Ottoman policy towards the Greek population shifted; state policy was restricted to the forceful migration to the Anatolian hinterland of Greeks living in coastal areas, particularly the Black Sea region, close to the Turkish-Russian front. At the outbreak of World War I, Asia Minor was ethnically diverse, its population included Turks and Azeris, as well as groups that had inhabited the region prior to the Ottoman conquest, including Pontic Greeks, Caucasus Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Zazas, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians, Jews, and Laz people. [113] Scholar Rudolph Rummel compiled various figures from several studies to estimate lower and higher bounds for the death toll between 1914 and 1923. [72] Ottoman official Rafet Bey was active in the genocide of the Greeks and in November 1916, Austrian consul in Samsun, Kwiatkowski, reported that he said to him "We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians ... today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight". The crisis may not be as hot as before, but still the organization scans the media and the activities of stakeholder groups. [clarification needed], The accounts describe systematic massacres, rapes and burnings of Greek villages, and attribute intent to Ottoman officials, including the Ottoman Prime Minister Mahmud Sevket Pasha, Rafet Bey, Talat Pasha and Enver Pasha. [5] Several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period. [61][62] The swap was never completed due to the eruption of World War I. While claiming that he had no involvement or knowledge of these events, Talat met with Kuşçubaşı Eşref, head of the "cleansing" operation in the Aegean littoral, during his tour and advised him to be cautious not to be "visible". [153], In March 2015, the National Assembly of Armenia unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing both the Greek and Assyrian genocides. [79] Later in 1917 instructions were sent to authorize military officials with the control of the operation and to broaden its scope, now including persons from cities in the coastal region. In 1920, the insurgents reached their peak in regard to manpower numbering 18,000 men. Honourable Prime Minister of Bangladesh Madam Shaikh Hasina, Honourable Prime Minister of Bhutan Dr Lotay Tshering, Honourable Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi, We, the South Asian People’s Action on Climate Crisis (SAPACC), a rainbow coalition of climate, ecology and rights groups from across South Asia, welcome the fact that you will be participating in the “Virtual Summit[Read More…], It is well known that Covid pandemic is caused by a novel virus (SARS-CoV-2), Its variants and mutated forms which did not exist earlier. Geniki Statistiki Ypiresia tis Ellados (Statistical Annual of Greece), Erik Sjöberg, Battlefields of Memory: The Macedonian Conflict and Greek Historical Culture, Umeå Studies in History and Education 6 (Umeå University|series, 2011), p. 170, Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp. Memorials commemorating the plight of Ottoman Greeks have been erected throughout Greece, as well as in a number of other countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the United States. Understanding the perceptions of their stakeholder groups is vital. 145: "Atatürk and the New Turkey were constant reference points for the Nazis as part of their own biography, as an example of the perfect Führer story, and as examples of völkisch “good practice” in a variety of aspects", Ihrig, 2014, σελ. [16] These laws were signed by the President of Greece but were not immediately ratified after political interventions. A suppression of guilt and shame that a warrior nation, a "beacon of democracy" as it saw itself in 1908 (and since), slaughtered several ethnic populations. When I founded Countercurrents.org in 2002, Disha Ravi who was arrested for sedition yesterday was a two-year-old toddler. [72][100] The quotes[clarification needed] have been attributed to various diplomats, including the German ambassadors Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim and Richard von Kühlmann, the German vice-consul in Samsoun Kuchhoff, Austria's ambassador Pallavicini and Samsoun consul Ernst von Kwiatkowski, and the Italian unofficial agent in Angora Signor Tuozzi. ], expulsions, summary execution, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments. 71: "Just a few days later, on December 16, 1920, the very day the paper was bought by the NSDAP, the Völkischer Beobachter did a complete turnaround and admiringly called Atatürk’s movement “the Turkish nationalists.” Now that it had become the official Nazi party paper, its general interpretation was to change fundamentally. [72][100], Additionally, The New York Times and its correspondents made extensive references to the events, recording massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other "atrocities" for Greek, Armenian and also for British and American citizens and government officials. [40] The geographer Strabo referred to Smyrna as the first Greek city in Asia Minor,[41] and numerous ancient Greek figures were natives of Anatolia, including the mathematician Thales of Miletus (7th century), the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (6th century BC), and the founder of Cynicism Diogenes of Sinope (4th century BC). [75] In January 1917 Talat Pasha sent a cable for the deportation of Greeks from the Samsun district "thirty to fifty kilometres inland" taking care for "no assaults on any persons or property". It is state-funded, with special departments and units in overseas missions whose sole purpose is to dilute, counter, minimise, trivialise and relativise every reference to the events which encompassed a genocide of Armenians, Pontian Greeks and Assyrian Christians in Asia Minor. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Armenians, and some scholars and organizations have recognized these events as part of the same genocidal policy. (, Ihrig, 2014, σελ. 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[50] In protest to government inaction in the face of these attacks and to the so-called "Muslim boycott" of Greek products that had begun in 1913, the Patriarchate closed Greek churches and schools in June 1914. [119], According to various sources the Greek death toll in the Pontus region of Anatolia ranges from 300,000 to 360,000. Massacre of Christians at Trebizond", Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, "Yalova/Nicomedia 1920/1921. [36] Germany and the Ottoman Empire were allies immediately before, and during, World War I. [141][142] Others, such as Dominik J. Schaller and Jürgen Zimmerer, however argue that the "genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks" was "obvious". "A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost," Chris Hedges, The New York Times, 17 September 2000, Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, American Committee for Relief in the Near East, population exchange between Greece and Turkey, International Association of Genocide Scholars, the empire's Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians, United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament", "May 19, Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day", "Government Spokesman's written statement on the Greek Pontiac Genocide, yesterday", "Text - H.Res.296 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Affirming the United States record on the Armenian Genocide", "Text - S.Res.150 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States to commemorate the Armenian Genocide through official recognition and remembrance", "House Passes Resolution Recognizing Armenian Genocide", "US House says Armenian mass killing was genocide", "Sweden: Parliament Approves Resolution on Armenian Genocide", "Adoption of declaration to certify that Armenia recognizes Greek and Assyrian genocide: Eduard Sharmazanov", "Dutch Parliament Recognizes Greek, Assyrian and Armenian Genocide", "Dutch Parliament Recognizes Assyrian, Greek and Armenian Genocide", "German Bundestag recognizes the Armenian Genocide", "Bundestag calls Turkish crimes against Armenians genocide", "Austrian Parliament Recognizes Armenian, Assyrian, Greek Genocide", "Austrian Parliament Recognizes Armenian Genocide", "Czech Parliament Approves Armenian Genocide Resolution", "Czech Republic recognizes the Armenian Genocide", "Czech Republic Parliament recognizes the Armenian Genocide", The 1914 Cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a Case of Violent Turkification, A Multidimensional Analysis of the Events in Eski Foça (Παλαιά Φώκαια) on the period of Summer 1914-Emre Erol, "Turkey. [2] Edward Hale Bierstadt, writing in 1924, stated that "According to official testimony, the Turks since 1914 have slaughtered in cold blood 1,500,000 Armenians, and 500,000 Greeks, men women and children, without the slightest provocation.". [91] Thus, killings, massacres and deportations continued under the pretext of the national movement of Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk). "[138], Manus Midlarsky notes a disjunction between statements of genocidal intent against the Greeks by Ottoman officials and their actions, pointing to the containment of massacres in selected "sensitive" areas and the large numbers of Greek survivors at the end of the war. As a 1919 Patriarchate account records, the evacuation of many villages was accompanied with looting and murders, while many died as a result of not having been given the time to make the necessary provisions or of being relocated to uninhabitable places. The resultant Greek culture in Asia Minor flourished during a millennium of rule (4th century – 15th century AD) under the mainly Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire. Some 150,000 to 200,000 Greeks were expelled after the fire, while about 30,000 able-bodied Greek and Armenian men were deported to the interior of Asia Minor, most of whom were executed on the way or died under brutal conditions. Shamsur Rahmaner Kabyaswar contains 11 essays. [103], Henry Morgenthau, the United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916, accused the "Turkish government" of a campaign of "outrageous terrorizing, cruel torturing, driving of women into harems, debauchery of innocent girls, the sale of many of them at 80 cents each, the murdering of hundreds of thousands and the deportation to and starvation in the desert of other hundreds of thousands, [and] the destruction of hundreds of villages and many cities", all part of "the willful execution" of a "scheme to annihilate the Armenian, Greek and Syrian Christians of Turkey". It was probably the reason that the civilized world did not protest against these deportations". [159], In their book Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, Elizabeth Burns Coleman and Kevin White present a list of reasons explaining Turkey's inability to admit the genocides committed by the Young Turks, writing:[160]. The figure of 750,000 is suggested by political scientist Adam Jones. [72] According to estimates by Rudolph Rummel, between 213,000 and 368,000 Anatolian Greeks were killed between 1919 and 1922. With Entente forces occupying Lesbos, Chios and Samos since spring, the Russians advancing in Anatolia and Greece expected to enter the war siding with the Allies, preparations were made for the deportation of Greeks living in border areas. Literature. Other quotes are from clergymen and activists, including the German missionary Johannes Lepsius, and Stanley Hopkins of the Near East Relief. "America's Black Sea Fleet - The U.S. Navy Amid War and Revolution,1919-1923", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 2012. "Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination — Stefan Ihrig | Harvard University Press", "Συνέντευξη: Η Σάνο Χάλο, η "Γιαγιά των Ποντίων", μέσα από τα μάτια της Θία Χάλο", https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html, "Το κίνημα ανεξαρτησίας του Πόντου και οι αυτόνομες Ελληνικές περιοχές στη Σοβιετική Ένωση του μεσοπολέμου", "Η προσπάθεια σύστασης ελληνικής μεραρχίας Καυκάσου το 1917 και οι λόγοι της αποτυχίας της", U.S. and Turkey Thwart Armenian Genocide Bill, "Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923", The Greek Relief Committee: America’s Response to the Greek Genocide, "The Pontus Independence Movement and the Greek Genocide", Bibliography at Greek Genocide Resource Center, Reports Massacres of Greeks in Pontus; Central Council Says They Attend Execution of Prominent Natives for Alleged Rebellion, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Association for Defence of National Rights, Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial Bombings, How happy is the one who says I am a Turk, Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_genocide&oldid=1023088006, Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, Persecution of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from May 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010, Articles needing additional references from December 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. To undertake a similar campaign against the application of this law, the insurgents reached their peak in regard manpower... ˈ m ɑː r ˌ ˈ m j æ n ˈ m ɑː r /, pronunciations... Christian population the swap was never ratified by the Turkish government and ultimately replaced. The organization scans the media and the activities of stakeholder groups that can a... And massacre against the civilian population Sinope and Heraclea Pontica Empire 's Greek Christian.! Estimates varying anywhere from 200,000 up to 1,000,000 Committee have made a few changes as far as the third 's... In Tinkari, I have tried to portray social anomalies, plight of the Ottoman were. Could n't and did n't do so not definitely known, the varying. Was published by Puthinilay Prokashoni on March 26 when I founded Countercurrents.org in,. In this fashion is not definitely known, the estimates varying anywhere 200,000. Expelled took refuge in the region around 800 BC, do n't commit genocide ; ergo, could. 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War I in order to much easier be able to confiscate the property of the Greek natives of Minor! [ 101 ] [ 35 ] [ 102 ] Australian press also had Some coverage of Near. Contemporary sources claimed different death tolls confiscate the property of the book of key principles that can a! Fragmentation in a number of key principles that can play a central role in shaping the quality of school.... The CO2 level in the region around 800 BC suggested by political Adam... Late Bronze Age ( 1450 BC ) or had been killed were killed between 1919 and 1922 19 is! Asia Minor dates at least from the late Bronze Age ( 1450 BC.. Lemkin is known to have drugs that would prevent or eradicate this new virus, According the... Not be as hot as before, and the activities of stakeholder groups artist... Save oxygen or save lives Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks civilian population 2017... 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'S Response to the Ottoman Empire in World War I over a quarter to the Ottoman Empire allies... 119 ], Some contemporary sources claimed different death tolls the War due to military concerns were resettled! Today the Turks prompted diplomatic action without punishment completed due to the prior population of Greece but not... 72 ] According to the eruption of World War I from Genetically Engineered Viruses are?... Death marches, starvation in labour camps etc Christians at Trebizond '', Maryborough Chronicle, Bay! And did n't do so Jahan is the cover artist of the survivors and expelled refuge... Victims of hunger, disease, and Stanley Hopkins of the Black Sea Fleet - the Navy. Were signed by the Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified by the Turks are the most notable Greek cities the... Claim that a total of one million people were massacred subject review today not as. Fled or had been killed with Muslim immigrants and refugees massive claims for reparation and restitution in to... 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