[370] During 1920, several prominent Western figures visited Lenin in Russia; these included the author H. G. Wells and the philosopher Bertrand Russell,[371] as well as the anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. [110], —Lenin on his interpretation of the First World War[111], Lenin was in Galicia when the First World War broke out. Involved in political agitation against the absolute monarchy of the reactionary Tsar Alexander III, Alexander studied the writings of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests. [241] The Treaty nevertheless failed to stop the Central Powers' defeat; in November 1918, the German Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated and the country's new administration signed the Armistice with the Allies. [202] Under Lenin, Russia became the first country to legalize abortion on demand in the first trimester. "[458] He supported wars of national liberation, accepting that such conflicts might be necessary for a minority group to break away from a socialist state, because socialist states are not "holy or insured against mistakes or weaknesses. Previously, this violence was exercised by a handful of moneybags over the entire people; now we want [...] to organise violence in the interests of the people. [297] Anti-Bolshevik armies carried out the White Terror, a campaign of violence against perceived Bolshevik supporters which was typically more spontaneous than the state-sanctioned Red Terror. [209] The factory committees were subordinate to the trade unions, which were subordinate to VSNKh; the state's centralised economic plan was prioritised over the workers' local economic interests. [278] In May 1922, Lenin issued a decree calling for the execution of anti-Bolshevik priests, causing between 14,000 and 20,000 deaths. [197], In October 1917, Lenin issued a decree limiting work for everyone in Russia to eight hours per day. "[460] On taking power, Lenin called for the dismantling of the bonds that had forced minority ethnic groups to remain in the Russian Empire and espoused their right to secede but also expected them to reunite immediately in the spirit of proletariat internationalism. [295] The latter were therefore hindered by being both fragmented and geographically scattered,[296] and because their ethnic Russian supremacism alienated the region's national minorities. [137] Evading arrest, Lenin hid in a series of Petrograd safe houses. The core–periphery expression originated in dependency theory, whose proponents Raúl Prebisch, Andre Gunder Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso proposed that countries and colonies become peripheral zones because they specialize in the low tech and labor-intensive activities, including the supply of raw materials and cheap labor to core zone areas, and thus become "underdeveloped" through unequal exchange mechanisms consequent to colonization and/or imperialism. 51 Copy quote. [115] Lenin was angry that the German Social-Democratic Party was supporting the German war effort, which was a direct contravention of the Second International's Stuttgart resolution that socialist parties would oppose the conflict, and saw the Second International as defunct. When the Socialist Revolutionary Party's leadership was found guilty of conspiring against the government in a trial held between June and August 1922, Lenin called for their execution; they were instead imprisoned indefinitely, only being executed during the Great Purges of Stalin's leadership. [54], After his exile, Lenin settled in Pskov in early 1900. [566] In 2012, the last statue of Lenin still standing in the Mongolian capital, Ulaanbaatar, was removed, with city mayor Bat-Uul Erdene calling him a "murderer. [417] [28] He began to read the works of the Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's argument that Russia was moving from feudalism to capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the proletariat, or urban working class, rather than the peasantry. "[474] In Volkogonov's view, Lenin accepted Marxism as "absolute truth", and accordingly acted like "a religious fanatic. [365] Seeking to advance the Russian economy through foreign trade, Sovnarkom sent delegates to the Genoa Conference; Lenin had hoped to attend but was prevented by ill health. [545] Libraries, streets, farms, museums, towns, and whole regions were named after him,[545] with the city of Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" in 1924,[547] and his birthplace of Simbirsk becoming Ulyanovsk. [421], Various biographers have stated that Lenin's writings were treated in a manner akin to holy scripture within the Soviet Union,[549] while Pipes added that "his every opinion was cited to justify one policy or another and treated as gospel. [9] He was the third of eight children, having two older siblings, Anna (born 1864) and Alexander (born 1866). [244] Lenin blamed this on the kulaks, or wealthier peasants, who allegedly hoarded the grain that they had produced to increase its financial value. [437] In this way, his calls for "workers' control" of the means of production referred not to the direct control of enterprises by their workers, but the operation of all enterprises under the control of a "workers' state. [348] In February 1922 Sovnarkom went further by calling on all valuables belonging to religious institutions to be forcibly appropriated and sold. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S. [276] Those interned in the camps were used as slave labour. [272] By 1920, the Cheka had become the most powerful institution in Soviet Russia, exerting influence over all other state apparatus. in 1902; his most influential publication to date, it dealt with Lenin's thoughts on the need for a vanguard party to lead the proletariat to revolution. [502], Despite his revolutionary politics, Lenin disliked revolutionary experimentation in literature and the arts, expressing his dislike of expressionism, futurism, and cubism, and conversely favouring realism and Russian classic literature. She was initially posted to Ufa, but persuaded the authorities to move her to Shushenskoye, claiming that she and Lenin were engaged; they married in a church on 10 July 1898. [183] The attack was widely covered in the Russian press, generating much sympathy for Lenin and boosting his popularity. [246] A prominent example of Lenin's views was his August 1918 telegram to the Bolsheviks of Penza, which called upon them to suppress a peasant insurrection by publicly hanging at least 100 "known kulaks, rich men, [and] bloodsuckers. [162] Sovnarkom argued that it was counter-revolutionary because it sought to remove power from the soviets, but the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks denied this. [262] Accordingly, throughout Soviet Russia the Cheka carried out killings, often in large numbers. [557] After the discovery of Lenin's Jewish ancestry, this aspect was repeatedly emphasised by the Russian far-right, who claimed that his inherited Jewish genetics explained his desire to uproot traditional Russian society. Lenin initially turned down the leading position of Chairman, suggesting Trotsky for the job, but other Bolsheviks insisted and ultimately Lenin relented. "[254] He strongly opposed suggestions to abolish capital punishment. "[513] Lenin's administration laid the framework for the system of government that ruled Russia for seven decades and provided the model for later Communist-led states that came to cover a third of the inhabited world in the mid-20th century. "[453] He regarded his "dictatorship of the proletariat" as democratic because, he claimed, it involved the election of representatives to the soviets, workers electing their own officials, and the regular rotation and involvement of all workers in the administration of the state. "[523] Time magazine named Lenin one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century,[524] and one of their top 25 political icons of all time. [80] In turn, he insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the Third RSDLP Congress, held in London in April 1905. The police arrested Lenin and accused him of being a ringleader in the demonstration; he was expelled from the university, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino estate. [228] Meanwhile, a ceasefire until January was agreed. [422] During this process, Lenin's brain was removed; in 1925 an institute was established to dissect it, revealing that Lenin had suffered from severe sclerosis. Several non-Russian nations had secured independence from the Russian Empire after 1917, but three were re-united into the new Soviet Union in 1922. Furthermore, Bogdanov, influenced by Ernest Mach, believed that all concepts of the world were relative, whereas Lenin stuck to the orthodox Marxist view that there was an objective reality independent of human observation. Lenin countered Kautsky by proposing that the balance of power among the imperial capitalist states continually changed, thereby disallowing the political unity of ultra-imperialism, and that such instability motivated competition and conflict, rather than co-operation: Half a century ago, Germany was a miserable, insignificant country, if her capitalist strength is compared with that of the Britain of that time; Japan compared with Russia in the same way. [478], Service stated that Lenin could be "moody and volatile",[479] and Pipes deemed him to be "a thoroughgoing misanthrope",[480] a view rejected by Read, who highlighted many instances in which Lenin displayed kindness, particularly toward children. His mother, Maria Blank Ulyanov, had a German grandmother, and according to Maria Ulyanov. Genres: Post-Punk, Alternative Rock, Punk Rock. Up to the point at which Lenin began working on Iskra, his writings had taken as their focus three problems: first, he had written a number of leaflets that aimed to shake the workers’ traditional veneration of the tsar by showing them that their harsh life was caused, in part, by the support tsarism rendered the capitalists; second, he attacked those self-styled Marxists who urged Social-Democrats and workers to … This contrasted with Lenin's desire for agricultural collectivisation but provided governmental recognition of the widespread peasant land seizures that had already occurred. "[540] Some left-wing intellectuals, among them Slavoj Žižek, Alain Badiou, Lars T. Lih, and Fredric Jameson, advocate reviving Lenin's uncompromising revolutionary spirit to address contemporary global problems. [482] He could be "venomous in his critique of others", exhibiting a propensity for mockery, ridicule, and ad hominem attacks on those who disagreed with him. Craft Beer, Boutique Spirits & Soughdough Pizza! The slogan of the workers has become: Death or Freedom! Marxism has repeatedly evolved (L2) from “the science of revolution”, to enforced tradition, to what some identify as a "secular-religion". [187] In November 1917, the government issued the Decree on the Press that closed many opposition media outlets deemed counter-revolutionary. [93] Lenin disliked Paris, lambasting it as "a foul hole", and while there he sued a motorist who knocked him off his bike. [123] He still perceived himself as an orthodox Marxist, but he began to diverge from some of Marx's predictions about societal development; whereas Marx had believed that a "bourgeoisie-democratic revolution" of the middle-classes had to take place before a "socialist revolution" of the proletariat, Lenin believed that in Russia the proletariat could overthrow the Tsarist regime without an intermediate revolution. [462] Only when its conflicts with Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland proved unsuccessful did Lenin's government officially recognise their independence. [373] He sent her to a sanatorium in Kislovodsk in the Northern Caucasus to recover, but she died there in September 1920 during a cholera epidemic. [447] It also stood out by emphasising the role of a vanguard who could lead the proletariat to revolution,[447] and elevated the role of violence as a revolutionary instrument. Lenin's (L12) and other communist’s mummies are its cult objects. Even in such a state he was capable of, University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893, Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900, Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905–1914, February Revolution and the July Days: 1917, Organising the Soviet government: 1917–1918, Social, legal, and economic reform: 1917–1918, Anti-Kulak campaigns, Cheka, and Red Terror: 1918–1922, Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War: 1918–1920, Comintern and world revolution: 1919–1920, Famine and the New Economic Policy: 1920–1922, Declining health and conflict with Stalin: 1920–1923. Lenin had two older siblings, Anna (born 1864) and Alexander (born 1868). This time the argument won with ten votes against two. [436] Lenin's interpretation of socialism was centralised, planned, and statist, with both production and distribution strictly controlled. [269] His published articles and speeches rarely called for executions, but he regularly did so in his coded telegrams and confidential notes. [337] Lenin's predicted world revolution did not materialise, as the Hungarian communist government was overthrown and the German Marxist uprisings suppressed. [261] The Cheka claimed the right to both sentence and execute anyone whom it deemed to be an enemy of the government, without recourse to the Revolutionary Tribunals. Following Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. [27] There, Lenin fully embraced Marxism and produced a Russian language translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. [213] Full-scale nationalisation did not take place until November 1920, when small-scale industrial enterprises were brought under state control. [113] Lenin and his wife returned to Bern,[114] before relocating to Zürich in February 1916. [233] On 18 February, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag, advancing further into Russian-controlled territory and conquering Dvinsk within a day. [546] The places where he had lived or stayed were converted into museums devoted to him. [152] Bolsheviks besieged the government in the Winter Palace, and overcame it and arrested its ministers after the cruiser Aurora, controlled by Bolshevik seamen, fired on the building. To All Workers, Soldiers and Peasants. [364] Lenin also called for a mass electrification project, the GOELRO plan, which began in February 1920; Lenin's declaration that "communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country" was widely cited in later years. The Polish proletariat did not rise, and the Red Army was defeated at the Battle of Warsaw. [236], On 3 March, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. [455] He believed that in a socialist society, the world's nations would inevitably merge and result in a single world government. [495] He was also fond of pets,[496] in particular cats. [402], The most significant political division between the two emerged during the Georgian Affair. The first presents a woman's view of Lenin's legacy, beginning with the movement away from various forms of repression, the joy of women working, the new equality in field and factory. The existence of the Soviet Republic alongside the imperialist states over the long run is unthinkable. [26], In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the city of Samara, where Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion circle. [280], Lenin expected Russia's aristocracy and bourgeoisie to oppose his government, but he believed that the numerical superiority of the lower classes, coupled with the Bolsheviks' ability to effectively organise them, guaranteed a swift victory in any conflict. [34] He wrote a paper on peasant economics; it was rejected by the liberal journal Russian Thought. [4] Well educated, she was the daughter of a wealthy German–Swedish Lutheran mother, and according to some sources a Russian Jewish father who had converted to Christianity and worked as a physician. John MacKay. [527] The Soviet view characterised him as a man who recognised the historically inevitable and accordingly helped to make the inevitable happen. [36] There, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to a senior position in a Marxist revolutionary cell that called itself the Social-Democrats after the Marxist Social Democratic Party of Germany. [138] Fearing that he would be killed, Lenin and fellow senior Bolshevik Grigory Zinoviev escaped Petrograd in disguise, relocating to Razliv. In the mid-1960s, he had two books … [298] Both White and Red Armies were responsible for attacks against Jewish communities, prompting Lenin to issue a condemnation of anti-Semitism, blaming prejudice against Jews on capitalist propaganda. [206] That month they also issued an order requisitioning the country's gold,[207] and nationalised the banks, which Lenin saw as a major step toward socialism. [512], Volkogonov claimed that "there can scarcely have been another man in history who managed so profoundly to change so large a society on such a scale. According to Russian scholar John MacKay, reviews and articles from the 1934 release of Three Songs of Lenin strongly suggest that Stalin was prominent in the original theatrical version (now lost), and he refers to the 1970 version as “a de-Stalinization.” In the 1970 version, Stalin only appears in a handful of shots. [69], The second RSDLP Congress was held in London in July 1903. [127] The group travelled by train from Zürich to Sassnitz, proceeding by ferry to Trelleborg, Sweden, and from there to the Haparanda–Tornio border crossing and then to Helsinki before taking the final train to Petrograd in disguise. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [431] According to his Marxist perspective, humanity would eventually reach pure communism, becoming a stateless, classless, egalitarian society of workers who were free from exploitation and alienation, controlled their own destiny, and abided by the rule "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Russian soldiers were ill-equipped. You must attempt first to build small bridges which shall lead to a land of small peasant holdings through State Capitalism to Socialism. [318] The Polish armies pushed the Red Army back into Russia, forcing Sovnarkom to sue for peace; the war culminated in the Peace of Riga, in which Russia ceded territory to Poland. [492] Concerned with physical fitness, he exercised regularly,[493] enjoyed cycling, swimming, and hunting,[494] and also developed a passion for mountain walking in the Swiss peaks. [444] As Leninism developed, Lenin revised the established Marxist orthodoxy and introduced innovations in Marxist thought. [439], Before 1914, Lenin's views were largely in accordance with mainstream European Marxist orthodoxy. [350], In 1920 and 1921, local opposition to requisitioning resulted in anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings breaking out across Russia, which were suppressed. 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