This theory was derived ultimately from Aristotle; in Renaissance England, however, the theory was better known through its Roman interpreters and practitioners. ThoughtCo. Other comedies from Shakespeare during this period include Much Ado About Nothing, The Merry Wives of Windsor and As You Like It. Another controversial question regarding Shakespeare… Shakespeare's plays are a canon of approximately 38 dramatic works written by English poet, playwright, and actor William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's first play is generally believed to be "Henry VI Part I," a history play about English politics in the years leading up to the Wars of the Roses. In the 19th century, a number of literary historians popularized the so-called "anti-Stratfordian theory," which held that Shakespeare's plays were actually the work of Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, or possibly a group of playwrights. As a result, Shakespeare and the playing companies he worked with did not distribute scripts of his plays, for fear that the plays would be stolen. Each Shakespeare’s play name links to a range of resources about each play: Character summaries, plot outlines, example essays and famous quotes, soliloquies and monologues: All’s Well That Ends Well Antony and … Jamieson, Lee. And that the youngest readers may not stumble in pronouncing any unfamiliar names to be met with in the stories, the editor has prepared and included in the volume a … Later on, he retired at the height of the Jacobean period, not long before the start of the Thirty Years' War. These elements showed up in The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream. This change is related to the success of tragicomedies such as Philaster, although the uncertainty of dates makes the nature and direction of the influence unclear. People also ask. entertaining stories contained in the plays of Shakespeare, in a form so simple that children can understand and enjoy them, was the object had in view by the author of these Beautiful Stories from Shakespeare. In the case of Macbeth for example, scholars believe that someone (probably Thomas Middleton) adapted and shortened the original to produce the extant text published in the First Folio, but that remains the only known text of the play. "[17] Stories of various genres were enacted for audiences consisting of both the wealthy and educated and the poor and illiterate. 2 Taming of the Shrew. dates taken from title pages), known performance dates, and information from contemporary diaries and other records. "The Profession of Dramatist in Shakespeare's Time,". Current consensus is based on a constellation of different data points, including publication information (e.g. Shakespeare's plays are a canon of approximately 39 dramatic works written by English poet, playwright, and actor William Shakespeare. His birthday is traditionally celebrated on April 23, which was the date of his death in 1616 and is the feast day of St. George, the patron saint of England. Jamieson, Lee. While many passages in Shakespeare's plays are written in prose, he almost always wrote a large proportion of his plays and poems in iambic pentameter. [13] The Marlovian, heroic mode of the Elizabethan tragedies is gone, replaced by a darker vision of heroic natures caught in environments of pervasive corruption. Shakespeare's plays are widely regarded as being among the greatest in the English language and are continually performed around the world. Shakespeare's changes here extend from the merely local to the structural. Some scholars believe that Shakespeare may have also collaborated with George Peele, an English dramatist and poet; George Wilkins, an English dramatist and inn-keeper; and Thomas Middleton, a successful author of numerous stage works, including comedies, tragedies, and pageants. Their plays blended the old morality drama with classical theory to produce a new secular form. Another play, "The Two Noble Kinsmen," was co-written with John Fletcher, who also worked with Shakespeare on the lost play "Cardenio." COMEDIES. Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged), Music in the plays of William Shakespeare, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare/Shakespeares-sources, "Further Proof of Shakespeare's Hand in 'The Spanish Tragedy, Complete list of shakespeare's plays with synopsis, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of all Shakespeare's works, Modern Translations, Study Guides, context and biography of William Shakespeare, of Shakespeare's plays, and his sonnets, The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet, To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure, A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja, Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears, Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel, Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. Between about 1590 and 1613, Shakespeare wrote at least 37 plays and collaborated on several more. Among his 10 history plays are Henry V and Richard III. The influence of younger dramatists such as John Marston and Ben Jonson is seen not only in the problem plays, which dramatise intractable human problems of greed and lust, but also in the darker tone of the Jacobean tragedies. Shakespeare’s plays are traditionally divided into the three categories of the First Folio: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The exact number of plays—as well as their classifications as tragedy, history, or comedy—is a matter of scholarly debate. Shakespeare wrote 38 plays. Among the comedies, for example, one can find sunny works filled with the banter of witty lovers; hilariously complicated farces; and darker, more sober plays such as The … The upper level behind the stage could be used as a balcony, as in Romeo and Juliet, or as a position for a character to harangue a crowd, as in Julius Caesar. Despite individual differences, the public theatres were three stories high and built around an open space at the center. William Shakespeare was a poet and a playwright and is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. The modern editor can only regularise and correct erroneous readings that have survived into the printed versions. Shakespeare's final plays hark back to his Elizabethan comedies in their use of romantic situation and incident. Usually built of timber, lath and plaster and with thatched roofs, the early theatres were vulnerable to fire, and gradually were replaced (when necessary) with stronger structures. A typical example is provided in Macbeth: as Macbeth leaves the stage to murder Duncan (to the sound of a chiming clock), he says,[22]. Plays marked with PP are sometimes referred to as the "problem plays". Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/list-of-shakespeare-plays-2985250. Each Shakespeare’s play name links to a range of resources about each play: Character summaries, plot outlines, example essays and famous quotes, soliloquies and monologues: All’s Well That Ends Well Antony and Cleopatra As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Coriolanus Cymbeline … Shakespeare's earliest plays tended to be adaptations of other playwrights' works and employed blank verse and little variation in rhythm. For Shakespeare, as he began to write, both traditions were alive; they were, moreover, filtered through the recent success of the University Wits on the London stage. The version printed in the Second Quarto is the longest version of "Hamlet," though it does not include over 50 lines that appear in the First Folio version. Jamieson, Lee. Scholars of Elizabethan drama believe that William Shakespeare wrote at least 38 plays between 1590 and 1612. William Shakespeare. The First Folio contained 36 of them.Pericles appeared later, and many "complete" works include those 37 plays. Modern scholarly editions of the play contain material from multiple sources. These dramatic works encompass a wide range of subjects and styles, from the playful "A Midsummer Night's Dream" to the gloomy "Macbeth." 4 Henry VI, part 3. [23][24] Humour is a key element in all of Shakespeare's plays. While many passages in Shakespeare's plays are written in prose, he almost always wrote a large proportion of his plays and poems in iambic pentameter. Furthermore, Hirsh points out that Shakespearean soliloquies and "asides" are audible in the fiction of the play, bound to be overheard by any other character in the scene unless certain elements confirm that the speech is protected. The plays have been translated into every major living language. (2021, February 16). This list of Shakespeare plays brings together all 38 plays in alphabetical order. The exact number of plays—as well as their classifications as tragedy, history, or comedy—is a matter of... Wikipedia. A different model was developed with the Blackfriars Theatre, which came into regular use on a long term basis in 1599. Both approaches have influenced the variety of Shakespearean production styles seen today. Among his 10 history plays are Henry V and Richard III. Between about 1590 and 1613, Shakespeare wrote at least 37 plays and collaborated on several more. Even in his early work, however, Shakespeare generally shows more restraint than Marlowe; he resorts to grandiloquent rhetoric less frequently, and his attitude towards his heroes is more nuanced, and sometimes more sceptical, than Marlowe's. They help us to understand what it is to be human, and to cope with the problems of being so. 38 plays of shakespeare. In a series of "Elizabethan" productions on a thrust stage, he paid fresh attention to the structure of the drama. However, modern criticism has labeled some of these plays "problem plays" that elude easy categorisation, or perhaps purposely break generic conventions, and has introduced the term romances for what scholars believe to be his later comedies. Like Lyly, he often makes romantic intrigue (a secondary feature in Latin new comedy) the main plot element;[10] even this romantic plot is sometimes given less attention than witty dialogue, deceit, and jests. (The Ur-Hamlet may in fact have been Shakespeare's, and was just an earlier and subsequently discarded version. In 2016, a group of scholars performed an analysis of all three parts of "Henry VI" and came to the conclusion that the play does include the work of Christopher Marlowe. Like most playwrights of his period, Shakespeare did not always write alone, and a number of his plays were collaborative, although the exact number is open to debate. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His verse style, his choice of subjects, and his stagecraft all bear the marks of both periods. Shakespeare's early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. A Complete List of Shakespeare’s Plays. [15] In these plays, however, the sombre elements that are largely glossed over in the earlier plays are brought to the fore and often rendered dramatically vivid. Though each play can be assigned a narrow date range, it is impossible to know exactly in which year any one of Shakespeare's plays was composed. Inspired by this new style, Shakespeare continued these artistic strategies,[6] creating plays that not only resonated on an emotional level with audiences but also explored and debated the basic elements of what it means to be human. The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift, Thomas of Woodstock/Richard the Second, Part One, The Tragical History of King Richard the Third, Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe, The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_plays&oldid=1022935558, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from January 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Victorian productions of Shakespeare often sought pictorial effects in "authentic" historical costumes and sets. Did Shakespeare write 37 or 38 plays? The Blackfriars was small in comparison to the earlier theatres, and roofed rather than open to the sky; it resembled a modern theatre in ways that its predecessors did not. Shakespeare's writing (especially his plays) also feature extensive wordplay in which double entendres and rhetorical flourishes are repeatedly used. This structure did not apply to comedy, and those of Shakespeare's plays for which no clear source has been established, such as Love's Labour's Lost and The Tempest, are comedies. His 17 comedies include The Merchant of Venice and Much Ado About Nothing. The three plays marked with FF were not included in the First Folio. Among the features of these plays are a redemptive plotline with a happy ending, and magic and other fantastic elements. [20] He and many dramatists of this period used the form of blank verse extensively in character dialogue, thus heightening poetic effects. Saying that addressing the audience was outmoded by the time Shakespeare was alive, he "acknowledges few occasions when a Shakespearean speech might involve the audience in recognising the simultaneous reality of the stage and the world the stage is representing." Divisions of Shakespeare’s plays Phase 1 From the late 1580s to 1594, Shakespeare experimented with different kinds of comedy in Love’s Labour’s Lost, The Comedy of Errors, Two Gentlemen of Verona, and The Taming of the Shrew. His dependence on earlier sources was a natural consequence of the speed at which playwrights of his era wrote; in addition, plays based on already popular stories appear to have been seen as more likely to draw large crowds. (n.d.) Retrieved from: Ringler, William Jr. (1997). Shakespeare was writing between 1590 and 1613. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/list-of-shakespeare-plays-2985250. https://askinglot.com/what-are-the-main-themes-of-shakespeares-plays To provide a modern text in such cases, editors must face the choice between the original first version and the later, revised, usually more theatrical version. Studying Shakespeare? These names help us understand the archetypes of a play and better analyze its events. Even these plays, however, rely heavily on generic commonplaces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, "drama became the ideal means to capture and convey the diverse interests of the time. Archaeological excavations on the foundations of the Rose and the Globe in the late twentieth century[4] showed that all London English Renaissance theatres were built around similar general plans. When the Globe burned down in June 1613, it was rebuilt with a tile roof. Shakespeare's Elizabethan tragedies (including the history plays with tragic designs, such as Richard II) demonstrate his relative independence from classical models. However, after the plague forced Shakespeare and his company of actors to leave London for periods between 1592 and 1594, Shakespeare began to use rhymed couplets in his plays, along with more dramatic dialogue. Maric, Jasminka, "Philosophy in Hamlet", author's edition, Belgrade, 2018. Shakespeare's other Elizabethan comedies are more romantic. Other than 29 speeches delivered by choruses or characters who revert to that condition as epilogues "Hirsh recognises only three instances of audience address in Shakespeare's plays, 'all in very early comedies, in which audience address is introduced specifically to ridicule the practice as antiquated and amateurish.'"[27]. Shakespeare's humour was largely influenced by Plautus. [26], In his book Shakespeare and the History of Soliloquies, James Hirsh defines the convention of a Shakespearean soliloquy in early modern drama. This list of Shakespeare plays brings together all 38 plays in alphabetical order. While there is much dispute about the exact chronology of Shakespeare's plays, the plays tend to fall into three main stylistic groupings. However, in recent years the publisher Arden Shakespeare added a new play to their collection: Double Falsehood under Shakespeare ’s name. Biography of William Shakespeare, History's Most Famous Playwright, Everything You Need to Know About Shakespeare's Plays, The Shakespeare Authorship Controversy Continues, the play does include the work of Christopher Marlowe, M.A., Theater Studies, Warwick University, B.A., Drama and English, DeMontfort University, "The Two Gentlemen of Verona" (1594–1595). https://reference.yourdictionary.com/.../many-plays-shakespeare-write.html The most famous among his tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, who bore him three children: Susanna, and … [34][35] Shakespeare's fellow members of the Lord Chamberlain's Men acted in his plays. As was common in the period, Shakespeare based many of his plays on the work of other playwrights and recycled older stories and historical material. His surviving work consists of 38 plays, 154 sonnets and some other poems. All's Well That Ends Well; As You Like It; Comedy of Errors; Love's Labour's Lost; Measure for Measure; Merchant of Venice; Merry Wives of Windsor; Midsummer Night's Dream; Much Ado about Nothing; Taming of the Shrew; Tempest ; Twelfth Night; Two Gentlemen of Verona; … What are the 38 plays of Shakespeare? The Plays of William Shakespeare. The exact order of the composition and performances of Shakespeare’s plays is difficult to prove—and therefore often disputed. From the evidence of the title-page to The Two Noble Kinsmen and from textual analysis it is believed by some editors that Shakespeare ended his career in collaboration with Fletcher, who succeeded him as house playwright for the King's Men. One of the reasons there are textual problems is that there was no copyright of writings at the time. To end many scenes in his plays he used a rhyming couplet to give a sense of conclusion, or completion. His plays have been translated into every major living language, and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare wrote or collaborated on about 38 plays, but modern scholars dispute the exact number. )[28] For plays on historical subjects, Shakespeare relied heavily on two principal texts. It was here that Shakespeare made his name as a budding young writer and penned such classics as "Romeo and Juliet," "A Midsummer Night’s Dream," … The plays have been translated into every major living language. The play was possibly a collaboration between Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, another Elizabethan dramatist who is best known for his tragedy "Doctor Faustus." After the English Restoration, Shakespeare's plays were performed in playhouses with elaborate scenery and staged with music, dancing, thunder, lightning, wave machines, and fireworks. Hence the Oxford Shakespeare, published in 1986 (second edition 2005), provides two different versions of the play, each with respectable authority. Shakespeare’s father, John, dabbled in farming, wood trading, tanning, leatherwork, money lending and other occupations; he also held a series of municipal positions … [16] These last plays resemble Fletcher's tragicomedies in their attempt to find a comedic mode capable of dramatising more serious events than had his earlier comedies. Except where noted, the plays below are listed, for the thirty-six plays included in the First Folio of 1623, according to the order in which they appear there, with two plays that were not included (Pericles, Prince of Tyre and The Two Noble Kinsmen) being added at the end of the list of comedies and Edward III at the end of the list of histories. That summons thee to heaven or to hell. [37] Too often, the result was a loss of pace. The Comedy of Errors, an adaptation of Menaechmi, follows the model of new comedy closely. The exact number of plays—as well as their classifications as tragedy, history, or comedy—is a matter of scholarly debate. [1], The other strand of dramatic tradition was classical aesthetic theory. Almost all of the plays written after the plague hit London are comedies, perhaps reflecting the public's desire at the time for light-hearted fare. One play, Troilus and Cressida, may even have been inspired by the War of the Theatres.[14]. Usually polygonal in plan to give an overall rounded effect, three levels of inward-facing galleries overlooked the open center into which jutted the stage—essentially a platform surrounded on three sides by the audience, only the rear being restricted for the entrances and exits of the actors and seating for the musicians. These plays, usually performed in Latin, adhered to classical ideas of unity and decorum, but they were also more static, valuing lengthy speeches over physical action. Discover loads of facts, videos and in-depth information about Shakespeare's plays. During Shakespeare's lifetime, many of his greatest plays were staged at the Globe Theatre and the Blackfriars Theatre. Previously, the most common forms of popular English theatre were the Tudor morality plays. 5 Titus Andronicus. The dates listed below are approximate and based on the general consensus of when the plays were first performed: The chronology of Shakespeare's plays remains a matter of some scholarly debate. Hear it not Duncan; for it is a knell 1, The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta, In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet, A rose by any other name would smell as sweet, The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater, Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato, A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight, The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, Cultural depictions of John, King of England, with the life and death of Henry surnamed Hotspur. Therefore, a Renaissance playgoer who was familiar with this dramatic convention would have been alert to Hamlet's expectation that his soliloquy be overheard by the other characters in the scene. [18] His style changed not only in accordance with his own tastes and developing mastery, but also in accord with the tastes of the audiences for whom he wrote.[19]. There are 38 Shakespeare plays in this recommended reading order, so you can see how you could easily read the whole Shakespeare canon in a year. Subsequent scholars, however, have dismissed this theory, and the current consensus is that Shakespeare—the man born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564—did, in fact, write all of the plays that bear his name. The romances are so called because they bear similarities to medieval romance literature. Among these actors were Richard Burbage (who played the title role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including Hamlet, Othello, Richard III and King Lear),[36] Richard Cowley (who played Verges in Much Ado About Nothing), William Kempe, (who played Peter in Romeo and Juliet and, possibly, Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream) and Henry Condell and John Heminges, who are most famous now for collecting and editing the plays of Shakespeare's First Folio (1623). Many of his early plays were performed at the building that would eventually become the infamous Globe Theatre in 1598. This list of Shakespeare plays brings together all 38 plays in alphabetical order. The "reform of manners," which Horace considered the main function of comedy,[11] survives in such episodes as the gulling of Malvolio. Shakespeare's plays can be roughly divided into three genres—comedies, histories, and tragedies—though some works, such as "The Tempest" and "The Winter's Tale," straddle the boundaries between these categories. "A Complete List of Shakespeare’s Plays." Note: For a comprehensive account of plays possibly by Shakespeare or in part by Shakespeare, see the separate entry on the Shakespeare Apocrypha. In comedy, Shakespeare strayed even further from classical models. For example, King Lear is probably an adaptation of an older play, King Leir, and the Henriad probably derived from The Famous Victories of Henry V.[28] There is speculation that Hamlet (c. 1601) may be a reworking of an older, lost play (the so-called Ur-Hamlet),[29] but the number of lost plays from this time period makes it impossible to determine that relationship with certainty. Dates following titles indicate the dates the plays were written unless otherwise noted. The 36 plays of Shakespeare Not including the two that he only wrote parts of (Pericles, Prince of Tyre and The Two Noble Kinsmen). His 17 comedies include The Merchant of Venice and Much Ado About Nothing. His 17 comedies include The Merchant of Venice and Much Ado About Nothing. They do so with great humanity, tolerance, and wisdom. In King Lear for example, two independent versions, each with their own textual integrity, exist in the Quarto and the Folio versions. 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