Molecular orientations could be changed by compressing the films (i.e. [2], Constable Alexander relapsed, and died on 15 March 1941. [2] In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. Occupation: Inventor Born: March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland Died: August 2, 1922 in Nova Scotia, Canada Best known for: Inventing the telephone Biography: Alexander Graham Bell is most famous for his invention of the telephone. Under the Ministry of Supply a number of "extra-mural" research teams had been established in various of the U.K. universities to assist with problems arising from the Services, Government Departments, etc. In 1967, Florey married Margaret Jennings, a member of his original penicillin team. Various administrative procedures led to misunderstandings and friction. He 'demanded much of his students, for the problems he set them were never trivial, and he expected them to exercise a considerable degree of independence in tackling them. https://marrieddivorce.com/celebrity/albert-pirro-death-today-bio.html Many important practical problems were examined under (b), perhaps the most significant being concerned with solubilised pesticides and the cattle-tick Boophilus microplus. Whalley, R.M. The 'subjects studied intensively in theory and practice included monolayers and multilayers, foams, emulsions, adsorption, infra-red spectrometry, membrane equilibrium, the ultra-centrifuge, the ultra-microscope, and chromatography. After three years of touring the world, Gagarin returned to his job. In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. Initially the creation of an Institute of Technology had been proposed and, in 1947, a Developmental Council was set up to promote and manage such a project. Survived by his children and second wife, he was buried in Oxford’s St. Nicholas Churchyard. For 158 years now, it has continued to be the well-worn and widely accepted conclusion that Albert, Prince Consort to Queen Victoria, died an untimely death by typhoid fever on 14 December 1861.Without recourse to detailed research or the challenging of past conclusions, this cause of death has been repeated from one source to the next as a given. Within the University of Sydney 'he held many positions of the kind in which the service far exceeds the thanks', and at the time of his last illness he was Dean of the Faculty of Science. Alexander says: Alexander departed in November, 1956, with '...my losses, apart from seven years of wasted effort...no more than a somewhat smaller salary and seven years superannuation (perhaps £2,000)'. For a normal urine the ion product of the calcium and oxalate ions present is ca, 170 times greater than for a saturated solution of calcium oxalate, and only when some protective mechanism breaks down are "stones" formed. Penicillin was injected and within days he made a remarkable recovery. In just a few days, the treatment began healing Alexander … cit.) The apparent contradiction that the activities of such mixtures were, in general, accelerated by low, but inhibited by high, concentrations of soap, was explained by identifying soap-phenol complex formations which enhanced bio-activities up to the critical concentrations for micelles; with more soap the competition between soap micelles and biological interfaces caused a progressive reduction of activity. Alexander and colleagues were responsible for five papers, the contents of which further illustrate comments made above. A King's College Senior Scholarship, a DSIR grant for research, and a Ramsay Memorial Fellowship, followed in 1935-36. Eley, T. Teorell, and many others, now Knights, Professors, Fellows of The Royal Society, etc. Applications of monolayer techniques to other branches of science – to organic and physical chemistry, to classical colloidal systems such as emulsions, and to biology – were described and illustrated. Its success was immediate. The anonymous Royal Australian Chemistry Institute writer (loc. Alexander was awarded the PhD degree in 1938 and thereupon went on a holiday – hitch-hiking in Scandinavia – in the company of F.S. He was a Councillor from 1954-56. Biography. During his first year at Cambridge he read for Part II of the Natural Science Tripos in Chemistry. This famous inventor was Scottish by birth, with his birth taking place in Edinburgh on 3 March 1847. In his 1954 Liversidge Lecture Alexander had briefly referred to the long-known fact that during the process of crystallization a crystal habit could be modified by preferential adsorption of substances such as dyes on particular crystal faces. The kinetics observed for seeded systems implied that polymerisation begins in the aqueous phase with the formation of oligomeric free radicals which then enter the seed radicals which, in turn, become the primary loci of polymerisation. Alexander's last years were clouded by tragedy. The "Wyndham Scheme", introduced in NSW in 1962, had added a year to secondary education, and had made "junior" science a compulsory subject for all pupils in their first four years. By 16 May he had ceased to recognise those around him. As a research student he had been unofficially engaged to Catherine Robson. For a human volunteer, they needed a patient who was in a terminal condition; Constable Alexander suited this requirement. by reducing the areas per molecule); although this altered the absolute reaction velocities only slightly it raised the activation energies above the values found in expanded monolayers or homogeneous solutions. Immunisation, climate change and genetic modification. From the Brockenhurst County School he proceeded in 1931 to the University of Reading, graduating in 1934 with First Class Honours in Chemistry and an Open Scholarship to King's College, Cambridge. The nine months in Uppsala had, however, given Alexander not only a love of Scandinavia but also a lasting conviction that surface chemistry was likely to be of fundamental importance in biochemistry and physiology. But in private the lovers both wept bitter tears over the disappointment when Tsar Nicholas ordered Alexander back to Darmstadt. The first real test for the Florey lab came when Albert Alexander, a 48 year old London policeman had nicked himself while shaving. Friedrich Hagenauer, at Ramahyuck, Victoria. Early agitation culminated in 'a prayer' by Alexander, Phillips and myself to the Council, which roundly condemned the administration, and demanded autonomy and a vice-chancellor'. Towards the end of the year a brain tumour was diagnosed, located, and operated upon, but without lasting success. Alexander did go on to make a handful of cameo appearances after, both in an alternate reality form and as a ghost. His oldest daughter, Marie, wed the crown Prince of Romania. His mother, Beatrice (née Daw), had been a teacher. The death of her husband in 1916 left her with heavy responsibilities which she faced with determination. Finally, with Åborg, the behaviour of salts (NaCl, KCl, MGCl2, and CaCl2) towards kephalin (a phosphatide cell lipoid) when spread as a monolayer at benzene/water interfaces was reported. Entry of charged oligomeric free radicals may be retarded by coulombic repulsion generated by adsorbed ionic surfactants of the same sign; this would result in a marked decrease in reaction rate. His analysis of the remarkable growth and achievements of the CSIRO in the field of scientific research is striking: Alexander's Lecture concluded with a challenge to the University of Western Australia: The last of Alexander's public campaigns concerned science teaching in schools. Professor R.G.W. A reviewer, (5) using italics for emphasis, hailed it as the first book to be written on Colloid Science, and praised it as a broad, modern, and authoritative treatment of the subject of colloid physics and chemistry from the fundamental rather than from the phenomenological viewpoint. The work had biological undertones since the natural breakdowns and resyntheses of fats most probably involve interfacial reactions. questions concerning the structures and gelling properties of aluminium soaps, or the autoxidation of hydrocarbons on cement particles) which were to occupy Alexander's attention for several post-war years. Charles Fletcher injected Alexander with penicillin regularly over four days, and within 24 hours he was greatly improved. After five days of injections, Alexander began to recover. A little while later, he was dying of septicemia. Thus the use of cetyl alcohol films to conserve water by retarding evaporation from dams in the drier parts of Australia caught Alexander's imagination, and is the reason why work was begun on the diffusion of small gas molecules (e.g. The cause was traced to the large hydrophobic surface of the hair. Alexander joined a group, formed around Rideal and Schulman at Cambridge, which investigated smoke screening, incendiary devices – the construction of sticky bombs, the blacking out of large areas of water with surface films of coal dust, and other applications of aerosols and colloids. His personal popularity at home and abroad was undeniable; in all ways his career had developed appropriately for the next phase of his life. The fatal cut, near Alexander’s mouth, occurred during a German bombing raid in Southampton, where he had been posted to maintain order during the Southampton Blitz of November 1940. His entire face, eye and scalp had become swollen. Personal experiences, first in Cambridge, then in the University of NSW, and finally in the University of Sydney, convinced him that the administrative arrangements and machineries of government in the larger Australian Universities left much to be desired. His death was considered a great loss. These and other changes were advocated in fresh and vigorous language. Alexander, D.W. Phillips and myself) began a long and unrewarding battle to improve conditions, and one (Professor J.P. Baxter, now the vice-chancellor) watched and waited. Research activity in the School was high from the beginning. Alexander explains his personal involvement in a 66-page booklet (9), published in May 1969: Thus started a cut-and-thrust controversy which was to last three years, in which some 40 letters would be written to newspapers, but from which, after much smoke and fire, signs of improvement are appearing. H2S to simulate H2O) through insoluble monolayers. Under the influence of discoveries that we shared many interests, e.g. A parallel study on the effects of polymeric additives on the crystallization of calcium sulphate dihydrate from aqueous solution forms the subject of Alexander's last research publication, which appeared in print some four months after his death. Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England. Two years later, on 10 December, 1965 Alexander married Gisela Baker (nee Zutavern, of Heidelberg), the widow of a Sydney industrial chemist, who brought him two stepdaughters. In November 1949 there was the prospect of an autonomous University and of a move from Ultimo to new buildings at Kensington by 1951. It was a friendship which lasted throughout life and had many episodes including...living for some seven years in adjacent roads in Cambridge so that our families were young together, and for years playing an almost regular weekly game of squash'. Schulman, A.H. Hughes, J.S. He was a trustee of ANZAAS. ), and some without (protoporphyrin, bilirubin, mesoporphyrin dimethyl ester, etc. [8], British police officer, first human treated with penicillin, Wood, Jonathan. Nicole Coste had a son with Monaco's ruler, Prince Albert, during a six-year secret love affair. How Did Al Capone Influence Our Society ? a few p.p.m.) He first became interested in the science of sound because both his mother and wife were deaf. Professor S.F. More than 200 people, academic and industrial, of diverse ages and interests, were brought together, amidst the beauty and traditions of Cambridge, for a 'refresher week' of Colloid Science. The three eldest girls had to leave school when they were fourteen, the two brothers who came next were able to stay until they reached sixteen; only Albert Ernest, the youngest boy, could be given the full education he desired. The same period saw the start of a long series of investigations into the unique ability of wool fibres to undergo supercontraction – a spontaneous decrease in fibre length, sometimes reversible and sometimes irreversible according to the treatments given. Dainton. Yet optimism persisted...on 9 May he announced a decision to retire at 60, not 65, and to join an anti-pollution research group, this was during my last conversation with him. The permeabilities of insect cuticles could be increased by the presence of micellar soap – a fact connected with earlier work at Cambridge on surface activity and permeability as factors in drug action. Alexander et al, identified this mechanism as the adsorption of urinary polymers on crystal embryos and on the faces of growing crystals, thus reducing the nucleation and growth rates. Albert Ernest Alexander was born on 5 January, 1914, at Ringwood, in Hampshire, the last but one of a family of seven children. Barter, R.C.L. The effects of pressure on the critical micelle concentration of cationic surfactants were examined, and unexpected maxima in the c.m.c. Alexander believed that an examination of relatively simple systems would lead naturally to an understanding of the more complex, but industrially important, process of emulsion polymerisation. Taken to the University Medical Center at Princeton, he refused treatment, arguing that he wanted to end his life "elegantly." After a time, Alexander's face became swollen and infected and developed a temperature that rose to 105F. Albert Einstein died of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The interactions between proteins and surfactants at air-water interfaces were also investigated by monolayer techniques. Factors affecting such behaviour were identified. The organising de novo of a University Teaching department proved to be a heavy task made difficult by a number of factors – the rapidity of numerical increase of colleagues and students being one. His mother was almost deaf, and his father taught elocution to the deaf, influencing Alexander’s later career choice as teacher of the deaf. Its objects, in the words of the Act, were: (a) the provision of facilities for higher specialised instruction and advanced training in the various branches of technology and science in their application to industry and commerce; and (b) the aiding by research and other suitable means of the advancement, developments and practical application of science to industry and commerce. Melville, the Farkas brothers, F.J. Wilkins, Gwyn Williams, J.K. Roberts, H.K. He deplored the timid attitudes of many academic persons, and the apathy of the majority of them to all issues other than salaries. In 1948 he became an external examiner for the University of St. Andrews; in 1949 he was elected to the Council of the Faraday Society. of several polyelectrolytes, both natural or synthetic, were found to retard significantly the rates of crystallization of calcium sulphate or oxalate. His public service commitments were increasing. For years he was a co-opted member of the Advisory Council of CSIRO, of the Research Advisory Committee of the Bread Research Institute of Australia, and a consultant to two of the largest firms of chemical manufacturers. In 1941, the first human to undergo treatment penicillin was Albert Alexander. The effects of various salts and clays on the suspensions were measured, and the role of surface active agents in relation to crystal growth of DDT in aqueous media elucidated. Broadly, the pure and applied projects undertaken may be catalogued under four headings: (a) monolayer studies, (b) micellar solutions, (c) the roles of surfactants in heterogeneous polymerisations, and (d) the effects of polyelectrolytes on the crystallisations of sparingly soluble salts. In many subsequent investigations Alexander used force-area and potential-area measurements on films spread on water to gain some insight into the orientation and structure of polar head-groups as they actually exist when immersed in the underlying aqueous media. After five days of injections, Alexander began to recover, but unfortunately, the penicillin supplies ran out before the infection could be completely eradicated, and without the life saving antibiotic Alexander’s condition deteriorated again and he sadly died. For fifty years this pest had been controlled by dipping the infested cattle in arsenical solutions; to these, however, the tick was seemingly becoming more resistant. On 20 April 1899 he had married Ellen Grace, daughter of Rev. He relapsed at the beginning of March, and died a month later. Penicillin: the Oxford story. As a research supervisor Alexander had a flair for finding problems in the realities of practice. An unsaturated haemolytic fatty acid, isolated from horse brain, was thus identified, preliminary studies were made on the puparial and pupal cuticle waxes from sheep blowfly and other pests, the phenomenology of spreading of fatty alcohols was investigated, and the surface properties of wheat glutens reported. The Pymble Presbyterian Church was packed by friends, colleagues, and students on 26 May for a funeral service during which a moving panegyric was spoken by Professor I.G. His main ideas for their reform were summarised in the A.D. Ross Lecture, delivered in the University of Westem Australia in March 1965. Alexander's growing inclination towards biological problems can be seen clearly in the studies he undertook conjointly with Trim, Soltys, Agar, Tomlinson, and others on the anthelmintic and anti-bacterial actions of soap-phenol mixtures. A third paper, also published in 1937, shows even more clearly a leaning towards biology. The University had started as part of the Department of Technical Education, strongly influenced by the Public Service Board. In the words of Pfizer executive John Smith, “The mold is as temperamental as an opera singer, the yields are low, the isolation murder, the purification invites disaster.”[7] Nonetheless, by March 15, 1945, supplies of penicillin were not only available to American troops, but to the American public, as war-time restrictions on availability were lifted. On Feb. 12, 1941, Albert Alexander received the first dose of penicillin, according to the American Chemical Society (ACS). Mostly these molecules formed unstable solid-condensed films with the conjugated ring systems vertically oriented and close-packed; their limiting surface areas were consistent with known structural formulae. Fourteen publications appeared between 1940 and 1945. Albert Sherbourne Le Souef was born on 30 January 1877 at Royal Park, Melbourne. Different types of surfactants (anionic, non-ionic, or cationic) were found to influence the reaction rate, apparently through effects on the colloid stability of the formed latex. Wool supercontracts irreversibly in hot concentrated aqueous solutions of lithium halides, probably through breakage of hydrogen bonds. A number of summaries of recent work on surface chemistry were published by Alexander about this time. The other four papers deal with the biological activities of colloidal electrolytes, they record especially the effects of soaps and soap-phenol mixtures on bacteria and cultures thereof, and show, by simple experiments, how interactions between colloidal electrolytes carrying opposite charges can markedly inhibit bacterial growth. But supplies … Concerning the University of Technology he says '...I came to it full of hope. In 1947 the Chemical Society of London invited Alexander to give the annual Tilden Lecture; this provided an opportunity to survey the results of his Cambridge period. Surface coagulations at air-water interfaces had been noted before but this was the first time it had been recognised at a solid/liquid interface. Haydon and Ottewill (2) describe the numerous branches of surface and colloid chemistry studied between 1935 and 1946: Alexander's first researches (described in two papers, respectively with Schulman and Rideal, in 1937) concerned the differences between reactions at interfaces and those in bulk. Locating the last resting places of our family and forebears can be an important aspect of our genealogical research. In Cambridge, through the years, Alexander accumulated valuable experience as a teacher and academic administrator. The objective was to extend knowledge on insoluble films at oil/water interfaces since these would be more related to natural cell-membrane situations than were the often-studied films at air/water interfaces. They included H.W. His father, William Albert Alexander, was a master builder, continuing a … Le Fèvre. Micelles in these systems appeared to play minor roles as monomer reservoirs. are present at air-water and oil-water interfaces. Alexander McQueen consistently promoted freedom of thought and expression, and championed the authority of the imagination. On 12 February 1941, Constable Alexander was given an intravenous infusion of 160 mg (200 units) of penicillin. It was only a minor cut and was ignored for several days, but this would have a major impact on medical history. During 1956 Alexander transferred to the University of Sydney. To Alexander, more than to any other person, must go the credit for bringing these matters to the attention of the public and the Education Department alike. He did not want Alexander even to contemplate playing second fiddle to the English queen any more than the government would have wanted Victoria to share power with a Russian. Work on monolayers at liquid-liquid interfaces, and other aspects of "wet" surface and colloid chemistry, was thereby stimulated. Photographs (15) taken on this occasion are the last pictures we have of Alexander. In August 1948 this Council decided inter alia to advertise Chairs in Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley, at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford were working on the medical applications of penicillin, as produced by the mould Penicillium notatum, and attempting to isolate quantities of penicillin from the mould large enough for a human trial.[5]. The authors comment: The collaboration with Teorell was interrupted in September, 1939, by the outbreak of war. His motives were not made public until 1961 (6). Monolayer studies were resumed or extended, often with shifts of emphasis towards systems of practical importance. On February 12, 1941, for the first time, it was administered to a patient, the Oxford police officer Albert Alexander, who had contracted a serious infection on his face—apparently not by the scratch of a rose thorn, as is said, but by a cut suffered during a German bombing. This done, force-area curves were plotted for gliadin, serum albumin, lecithin, Iysolecithin, and sodium cetyl sulphate at a benzene/water boundary; they were seen to be in conformity with the Langmuir hyperbolic van der Waals' equation of state for expanded films. On Thursday 14th January, 1892, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, died in the influenza epidemic. In due course A.E. The aqueous polymerisation of vinyl acetate was first examined. The teaching staff, most of whom had had experience in overseas universities, were solidly behind my efforts to achieve a real University'. Bosworth, J.H. By April, 1970, his strength was rapidly diminishing. Despite … In 1966 Alexander was in Bristol as a Leverhulme Visiting Professor when he learned that Naomi (then the wife of an Australian post-doctoral fellow studying overseas) had been killed in a car crash in the USA. (2010, July 16). Alexander Graham Bell Biography. He died on 27 November 1937 on a visit to Margaret River and was buried there with Anglican rites. He was suffering from severe facial infection after being scratched from rose thorn. Methyl acrylate, an isomer of vinyl acetate, was subsequently shown to behave comparably. Work was quickly restarted in the University of Sydney, and over the next thirteen years some fifty or more papers were to appear from Alexander and his colleagues. Dainton, recalling some thirty-four years acquaintance with Alexander, says: 'We were both research students in Cambridge who had migrated from other universities, and we were therefore drawn together by our common sense of being immigrants. His father, William Albert Alexander, was a master builder, continuing a business long established in the district. The title chosen: 'University Organisation and Government: A Century Out-of-date?' Einstein was 76 when he died, according to Biography. At age 11 he entered the Royal High School at Edinburgh, but he did not enjoy the compulsory curriculum, and he left school at … Alexander and P. Johnson. The ability of penicillin to slow or counteract bacterial infection had first been noticed by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. But even though the team went as far as extracting the precious penicillin from his urine and re-injecting it, supplies ran out before his cure was complete. 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